PROTECTION IN CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION AND
EXCAVATION OPERATIONS
(Statutory authority: Labor Law, §§27-a, 27, 29)
SUBPART 23-1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
23-1.1 Title and citation
23-1.2 Finding of fact
23-1.3 Application
23-1.4 Definitions
23-1.5 General responsibility of employers
23-1.6 Responsibility of employees
23-1.7 Protection from general hazards
23-1.8 Personal protective equipment
23-1.9 Drinking water and sanitation
23-1.10 Hand tools
23-1.11 Lumber and nail fastenings
23-1.12 Guarding of power-driven machinery
23-1.13 Electrical hazards
23-1.14 Temporary combustion devices
23-1.15 Safety railing
23-1.16 Safety belts, harnesses, tail lines and lifelines
23-1.17 Life nets
23-1.18 Sidewalk sheds and barricades
23-1.19 Catch platforms
23-1.20 Chutes
23-1.21 Ladders and ladderways
23-1.22 Structural runways, ramps and platforms
23-1.23 Earth ramps and runways
23-1.24 Work on roofs
23-1.25 Welding and flame cutting operations
23-1.26 Lead fumes and dust from structural steel
23-1.27 Mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic jacks
23-1.28 Hand-propelled vehicles
23-1.29 Public vehicular traffic
23-1.30 Illumination
23-1.31 Approval of materials and devices
23-1.32 Imminent danger - notice, warning and avoidance
23-1.33 Protection of persons passing by construction,
demolition or excavation operations
23-1.34 Severability
SUBPART 23-1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Historical Note
Subpart (§§23-1.1 – 23-1.33) added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.1 Title and citation.
Within and for the purposes of the New York State Department of
Labor, this Part (rule) may be known as "Industrial Code Rule No.
23" relating to "Protection in Construction, Demolition and
Excavation Operations" and may be cited as "Rule 23" as an
alternative and without prejudice to its designation and citation
established by the Secretary of State of the State of New York.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.2 Finding of fact.
The board finds that the trades and occupations of persons employed
in construction, demolition and excavation operations involve such
elements of danger to the lives, health and safety of such persons
and of persons lawfully frequenting the areas of such activities as
to require special regulations for their protection in that such
persons are exposed to the following:
(a) The hazards of falling and of falling objects and materials.
(b) The hazards associated with the operation of vehicles and of
construction, demolition and excavation machinery and equipment.
(c) The hazards of fire, explosion and electricity.
(d) The hazards of injury from the use of and contact with dangerous
tools, machines and materials.
(e) The hazards incidental to the handling and movement of heavy
materials.
(f) The hazards of exposure to the elements and air contaminants.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.3 Application.
This Part (rule) applies to persons employed in construction,
demolition and excavation operations, to their employers and to the
owners, contractors and their agents obligated by the Labor Law to
provide such persons with safe working conditions and safe places to
work. This Part (rule) also applies to persons lawfully frequenting
the areas of construction, demolition and excavation operations.
This Part (rule) applies exclusively throughout the State of New
York notwithstanding any other law or regulation, local or general.
Notes:
(1) See, however, section 23-1.13 of this Part (rule) relating to
electrical hazards.
(2) Section 23-1.33 of this Part (rule) does not apply to any city
in the State having a population of one million or more persons.
Historical Note
Sec. filed May 30, 1972; amd. filed Jan. 31, 1975 eff. Feb. 1, 1975.
§ 23-1.4 Definitions.
(a) General descriptive terms. As used in this Part (rule), such
general terms as adequate, effective, equal, equivalent, firm,
necessary, proper, safe, secure, substantial, sufficient, suitable
and other similar terms when used to describe materials, devices,
structures, methods and procedures required by this Part (rule)
shall mean that such materials, devices, structures, methods and
procedures shall be of such kind and quality as a reasonable and
prudent man experienced in construction, demolition and excavation
operations would require in order to provide safe working conditions
for himself in the performance of such work.
(b)Specific terms. As used herein or in connection with this Part
(rule) the following terms mean:
(1) Acceptable. Acceptable to the commissioner.
(2) Aerial basket. A vehicle-mounted, power-operated device
with an articulating or telescoping work platform designed for use
at elevated working positions.
(3) Approved. In respect to a device, material or method:
in compliance with a subsisting resolution of approval adopted by
the board. In respect to action by the board: made the subject of a
resolution of approval. There are two kinds of approval granted by
the board as follows:
(i) General approval. An approval, either required or
voluntary, which is effective throughout the State of New York.
(ii) Special approval. An approval, either required or
voluntary, which is granted for a particular device, material or
method to be used or operated only at the specific location stated
in the resolution of special approval.
(4) Area. Any space, either private or public, including a
road, street or sidewalk, which may be affected by or subject to
hazards from construction, demolition or excavation operations.
(5) Bearer. A horizontal member of a scaffold which
supports the platform.
(6) Blasting area. An area near any blasting operation in
which concussion or flying material or debris resulting from a blast
of explosives can reasonably be expected to cause injury to any
person therein.
(7) Board. The Board of Standards and Appeals of the State
of New York.
(8) Boatswain's chair. A seat supported by rope slings
attached to a block and tackle or supported by a powered hoisting
unit designed to accommodate one person in a sitting position for
vertical travel.
(9) Bricklayer's square scaffold. A scaffold the platform
of which is composed of planks supported on built-up squares secured
to each other by diagonal bracing.
(10) Catch platform. A structure fabricated and mounted on
an exterior vertical wall of any building or other structure and
designed to catch and hold falling objects or material from upper
working levels.
(11) Commissioner. The Industrial Commissioner of the State
of New York or his duly authorized representative.
(12) Competent. Qualified by training and/or experience to
perform a particular task or duty.
(13) Construction work. All work of the types performed in
the construction, erection, alteration, repair, maintenance,
painting or moving of buildings or other structures, whether or not
such work is performed in proximate relation to a specific building
or other structure and includes, by way of illustration but not by
way of limitation, the work of hoisting, land clearing, earth
moving, grading, excavating, trenching, pipe and conduit laying,
road and bridge construction, concreting, cleaning of the exterior
surfaces including windows of any building or other structure under
construction, equipment installation and the structural installation
of wood, metal, glass, plastic, masonry and other building materials
in any form or for any purpose.
(14) Dangerous air contaminants. Air contaminants in
quantities tending to injure the health of any person. Air
contaminants in quantities greater than 25 percent of the lower
explosive level of any substance, mixture or compound which they may
form.
(15) Dead load. The load imposed on a structure by the
weight of all component parts which make up such structure.
(16) Demolition work. The work incidental to or associated
with the total or partial dismantling or razing of a building or
other structure including the removing or dismantling of machinery
or other equipment.
(17) Designated person. A person selected and directed by
an employer or his authorized agent to perform a specific task or
duty.
(18) Excavating machine. A power-driven vehicle equipped to
excavate, push, grade or elevate earth, rock or other material.
(19) Excavation work. The removal of earth, rock or other
material in connection with construction or demolition operations.
(20) Excavation, area-type. An excavation having a bottom
width equal to or greater than twice the depth of such excavation.
(21) Excavation, trench-type. An excavation having a bottom
width less than twice the depth of such excavation.
(22) Extension ladder. A nonself-supporting portable ladder
adjustable in length which consists of two or more sliding sections
traveling in guides or brackets.
(23) Extension trestle ladder. A self-supporting trestle
ladder provided with an adjustable vertical sliding single ladder
section having parallel sides or rails.
(24) Heavy duty scaffold. A scaffold designed and
constructed to carry a maximum live load of 75 pounds per square
foot, such as one intended for stone masons and required to support
heavy materials in addition to the workmen.
(25) Independent pole scaffold. A scaffold supported from
the ground, floor or equivalent surface by a double row of vertical
poles, independent of support from the walls of a building or other
structure, and which consists of poles, ledgers, diagonal bracing,
horizontal platform bearers and a platform.
(26) Job site. The site of a project involving
construction, demolition or excavation operations.
(27) Ladder jack scaffold. A scaffold the platform of which
is supported by brackets or jacks attached to the side rails of
ladders.
(28) Ledger. A horizontal scaffold member extending to and
forming a tie between the vertical posts and which supports the
putlogs or bearers.
(29) Life net. An approved life net made and used in
compliance with the provisions of this Part (rule).
(30) Light duty scaffold. A scaffold designed and
constructed to carry a maximum live load of 25 pounds per square
foot, such as one intended for carpenters or painters and required
to support no load other than a small weight of material or tools in
addition to the workmen.
(31) Live load. The load imposed on a structure consisting
of the total weight of all loads supported by such structure.
(32) Manually propelled mobile scaffold. A portable rolling
scaffold supported by casters.
(33) Material platform hoist. A power- or manually-operated
suspended platform operating in guide rails attached to a tower or
similar structure used for raising or lowering material exclusively
and operated and controlled from a point outside the conveyance.
(34) Medium duty scaffold. A scaffold designed and
constructed to carry a maximum live load of 50 pounds per square
foot, such as one intended for bricklayers or plasterers and
required to support no load other than a moderate weight of material
in addition to the workmen.
(35) Multiple-point suspension scaffold. A scaffold with a
continuous platform supported by three or more beams or bearers the
ends of which are so suspended by wire rope from an overhead support
as to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to a desired
position by manual or powered means.
(36) Needle beam scaffold. A scaffold consisting of a plank
platform supported by parallel horizontal beams which are suspended
by ropes.
(37) Outrigger scaffold. A scaffold the platform of which
is built upon outriggers or thrust-outs projecting from the wall or
exterior face of a building or other structure with the inboard ends
of such supports secured inside the building or other structure.
(38) Personnel hoist. A power-operated elevator the car of
which operates in guide rails supported by an exterior tower or
similar structure or by an interior hoistway within a building or
other structure and used primarily to carry persons to elevated work
areas during construction or demolition operations.
(39) Persons lawfully frequenting. Any person exercising a
lawful right of presence or passage in any area, including persons
on a public sidewalk, street or highway.
(40) Power buggy. A small self-powered vehicle operated by
one person and used solely for the movement of materials on or about
construction, demolition or excavation sites.
(41) Putlog. A horizontal member of a single-pole scaffold
supported on one end by a ledger and on the other end by the wall of
a building or other structure and which supports the scaffold
platform.
(42) Roofing bracket. A bracket used in sloped roof
construction and having sharp points of other means for securely
fastening the bracket to the roof in order to prevent any person
from slipping.
(43) Runner. A horizontal member of a scaffold extending
the entire length of the scaffold.
(44) Safety belt. An approved safety belt provided and used
in accordance with the provisions of this Part (rule).
(45) Scaffold. A temporary elevated working platform and
its supporting structure including all components.
(46) Sectional ladder. A ladder consisting of two or more
individual sections so constructed that the sections can be
connected and combined end to end to function as a single ladder.
(47) Shall. The word shall is always mandatory.
(48) Shoring, concrete. A system of temporary supports,
either wood or metal, used to support the weight of forms and
uncured concrete.
(49) Shoring, excavation. Temporary bracing used to support
the sides of an excavation to prevent their collapse.
(50) Single ladder. A nonself-supporting portable ladder,
nonadjustable in length, consisting of but one section.
(51) Single pole scaffold. A scaffold the platform of which
rests on putlogs or crossbeams, the outer ends of which are
supported on ledgers secured to a single row of vertical posts or
uprights while the inboard ends are supported on the top of a wall
or other structure or by means of openings in a wall or other
structure.
(52) Soil.
(i) Stiff cohesive soil. Soil which does not
crumble and which shows only slight indentations with moderate
finger pressure. Such soils are generally stiff silts and clays or
glacial tills with a relatively high content of plastic fines.
(ii) Noncohesive soil. Soil which crumbles by itself or
under slight finger pressure. Such soils are generally silts, sands,
gravels or mixtures of these with little or no plastic fines
present.
(iii) Soft cohesive or wet-flowing soils. Wet sticky soil
which can be molded with slight finger pressure or wet fine-grained
granual soil which flows under its own weight. Such soils are either
soft silts, clays, organic soils or wet loose sands and/or silts.
(53) Stepladder. A self-supporting portable ladder,
nonadjustable in length, having flat steps or heavy duty rungs and a
hinged back.
(54) Stilts. A pair of devices with foot and leg
attachments which are used to elevate a person above a floor or
equivalent surface in order to perform work on walls and ceilings.
(55) Tower crane. A crane design which utilizes a mast or
tower in a fixed vertical position for supporting the operating
boom. The three elements of a tower crane are a revolving
superstructure, a base mounting and a boom attachment and such
elements are varied for each tower crane application.
(56) Trestle ladder. A self-supporting portable ladder,
nonadjustable in length, consisting of two sections which are hinged
together at the top to form equal angles with the base.
(57) Tube and coupler scaffold. A self-supporting scaffold
constructed of individual pieces of tubular metal, pipe or other
material of equivalent strength forming vertical posts, runners,
bearers and diagonal bracing and with all junction points fastened
together by means of approved couplers or approved locking devices.
(58) Two-point suspension scaffold. A scaffold of the type
commonly known as a painter's scaffold or swing staging having a
platform supported by stirrups or hangers at two points near the
ends and which is so suspended from overhead supports as to permit
the raising or lowering of the platform to a desired position either
manually or by means of power.
(59) Window jack. A working platform for one person which
is supported by a bracket or jack which projects through a window
opening.
(60) Zone of demolition. Any area in the immediate vicinity
of a demolition site where persons may be injured from falling
material or debris or from the operation of demolition machinery or
equipment.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.5 General responsibility of
employers.
These general provisions shall not be construed or applied in
contravention of any specific provisions of this Part (rule).
(a) Health and safety protection required. All places where
employees are suffered or permitted to perform work of any kind in
construction, demolition or excavation operations shall be so
constructed, equipped, arranged, operated and conducted as to
provide reasonable and adequate protection for the lives, health and
safety of such persons as well as of persons lawfully frequenting
the area of such activity. To this end, all employers, owners,
contractors and their agents and other persons obligated by law to
provide safe working conditions, personal protective equipment and
safe places to work for persons employed in construction, demolition
or excavation operations and to protect persons lawfully frequenting
the areas of such activity shall provide or cause to be provided the
working conditions, safety devices, types of construction, methods
of demolition and of excavation and the materials, means, methods
and procedures required by this Part (rule). No employer shall
suffer or permit an employee to work under working conditions which
are not in compliance with the provisions of this Part (rule), or to
perform any act prohibited by any provision of this Part (rule).
(b) General requirement of competency. For the performance of work
required by this Part (rule) to be done by or under the supervision
of a designated person, an employer shall designate as such person
only such an employee as a reasonable and prudent man experienced in
construction, demolition or excavation work would consider competent
to perform such work.
(c) Condition of equipment and safeguards.
(1) No employer shall suffer or permit an employee to
use any machinery or equipment which is not in good repair and in
safe working condition.
(2) All load-carrying equipment shall be designed, constructed
and maintained throughout to safely support the loads intended to be
imposed thereon.
(3) All safety devices, safeguards and equipment in use shall
be kept sound and operable, and shall be immediately repaired or
restored or immediately removed from the job site if damaged.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.6 Responsibility of employees.
Every employee shall observe all the provisions of this Part (rule)
which directly concern or affect his conduct. He shall use the
safety devices provided for his personal protection and he shall not
tamper with or render ineffective any safety device, safeguard or
personal protective equipment.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.7 Protection from general hazards.
(a) Overhead hazards.
(1) Every place where persons are required to work or pass that is
normally exposed to falling material or objects shall be provided
with suitable overhead protection. Such overhead protection shall
consist of tightly laid sound planks at least two inches thick full
size, tightly laid three-quarter inch exterior grade plywood or
other material of equivalent strength. Such overhead protection
shall be provided with a supporting structure capable of supporting
a loading of 100 pounds per square foot.
(2) Where persons are lawfully frequenting areas exposed to falling
material or objects but wherein employees are not required to work
or pass, such exposed areas shall be provided with barricades,
fencing or the equivalent in compliance with this Part (rule) to
prevent inadvertent entry into such areas.
(b) Falling hazards.
(1) Hazardous openings.
(i) Every hazardous opening into which a person may step or fall
shall be guarded by a substantial cover fastened in place or by a
safety railing constructed and installed in compliance with this
Part (rule).
(ii) Where free access into such an opening is required by work in
progress, a barrier or safety railing constructed and installed in
compliance with this Part (rule) shall guard such opening and the
means of free access to the opening shall be a substantial gate.
Such gate shall swing in a direction away from the opening and shall
be kept latched except for entry and exit.
(iii) Where employees are required to work close to the edge of such
an opening, such employees shall be protected as follows:
(a) Two-inch planking, full size, or material of equivalent strength
installed not more than one floor or 15 feet, whichever is less,
beneath the opening; or
(b) An approved life net installed not more than five feet beneath
the opening; or
(c) An approved safety belt with attached lifeline which is properly
secured to a substantial fixed anchorage.
(2) Bridge or highway overpass construction.
(i) Approved safety belts shall be provided for and used by persons
employed at elevations greater than 30 feet above land or water
during bridge or highway overpass construction or at any elevation
during structural or construction work performed over highways or
railroads open to public traffic.
(ii) Scaffolds, platforms or approved life nets may be provided as
alternatives to approved safety belts. When used, such alternatives
shall be installed not more than five feet below the lower edge of
the structural members on or above which the persons to be protected
are working. Such scaffolds, platforms or life nets shall be
installed and maintained at all times when persons are working
except when such safety protection would interfere with the
placement of structural members or assemblies, in which case
approved safety belts shall be worn.
(c) Drowning hazards. Where any person is exposed to the hazard of
falling into water beneath his work location in which he might
drown, equipment for the prompt rescue of such person from the water
shall be provided. Such equipment shall consist of a manned boat of
a size suitable for the existing water conditions and area. Such
boat shall be equipped with oars, with United States Coast Guard
approved life preservers, with a life ring fastened to a line not
less than 50 feet in length and with a boat hook. Such boat shall
continuously patrol the area beneath the work location at all times
when any person is exposed to the falling and drowning hazard.
(d) Slipping hazards. Employers shall not suffer or permit any
employee to use a floor, passageway, walkway, scaffold, platform or
other elevated working surface which is in a slippery condition.
Ice, snow, water, grease and any other foreign substance which may
cause slippery footing shall be removed, sanded or covered to
provide safe footing.
(e) Tripping and other hazards. (1) Passageways. All passageways
shall be kept free from accumulations of dirt and debris and from
any other obstructions or conditions which could cause tripping.
Sharp projections which could cut or puncture any person shall be
removed or covered.
(2) Working areas. The parts of floors, platforms and similar areas
where persons work or pass shall be kept free from accumulations of
dirt and debris and from scattered tools and materals and from sharp
projections insofar as may be consistent with the work being
performed.
(f) Vertical passage. Stairways, ramps or runways shall be provided
as the means of access to working levels above or below ground
except where the nature or the progress of the work prevents their
installation in which case ladders or other safe means of access
shall be provided.
(g) Aircontaminated or oxygen deficient work areas. The atmosphere
of any unventilated confined area including but not limited to a
sewer, pit, tank or chimney where dangerous air contaminants may be
present or where there may not be sufficient oxygen to support life
shall be tested by the employer, his authorized agent or by a
designated person before any person is suffered or permitted to work
in such area. Such testing shall be in accordance with the
provisions of Industrial Code Part (rule) 12 relating to the
"Control of Air Contaminants" and such areas shall be subject to the
other pertinent provisions of Industrial Code Part (rule) 12 and of
Industrial Code Part (rule) 18 relating to "Exhaust Systems".
(h) Corrosive substances. All corrosive substances and chemicals
shall be so stored and used as not to endanger any person.
Protective equipment for the use of such corrosive substances and
chemicals shall be provided by the employer.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.8 Personal protective equipment.
(a) Eye protection. Approved eye protection equipment suitable for
the hazard involved shall be provided for and shall be used by all
persons while employed in welding, burning or cutting operations or
in chipping, cutting or grinding any material from which particles
may fly, or while engaged in any other operation which may endanger
the eyes.
(b) Respirators. (1) General. Where this Part (rule) requires a
respirator to be provided, the employer shall furnish and the
employee shall use an approved respirator. Such respirator shall be
approved for the type of operation for which it is to be used and
for the particular air contaminant present. The employer shall
maintain such respirator in good repair and shall furnish the means
for its continued proper working condition. The employer shall
provide daily inspection and cleaning and weekly disinfecting of
such respirators. Respirators shall be disinfected before being
transferred from one person to another. When not in use, respirators
shall be stored in closed containers.
(2) Air line respirators.
(i) The air supply line from an air compressor to an air line
respirator shall be provided with a filter which will effectively
remove pipe scale, water, oil mists and noxious vapors from the
compressed air.
(ii) The air supply line to an air line respirator shall be provided
with a pressure regulating valve which shall be present for the
maximum pressure specified by the manufacturer subject to the
following limitation: the specified air pressure at the point of
attachment of the hose to the air supply system shall not exceed 125
pounds per square inch gage.
(iii) Air supplied to any type of air line respirator shall be taken
from a source free from harmful contaminants.
(c) Protective apparel. (1) Head protection. Every person required
to work or pass within any area where there is a danger of being
struck by falling objects or materials or where the hazard of head
bumping exists shall be provided with and shall be required to wear
an approved safety hat. Such safety hats shall be provided with
liners during work in areas or at such times where the temperature
is below 55 degrees Fahrenheit.
(2) Foot protection. Every person required to work or pass in water,
mud, wet concrete or in any other wet footing shall be provided with
waterproof boots having safety insoles or with pullover boots or
rubbers over safety shoes.
(3) Waterproof clothing. Every employee required to work in rain,
snow or similar wetting conditions shall be provided with a
waterproof coat, pants and hat. Such hat may be an approved safety
hat if required by this Part (rule).
(4) Protection from corrosive substances. Every employee required to
use or handle corrosive substances or chemicals shall be provided
with and shall be required to wear appropriate protective apparel as
well as approved eye protection.
(d) Cleanliness of personal protective equipment. (1) All personal
protective equipment shall be kept clean and in good repair. Before
being transferred from one employee to another, safety hats, foul
weather hats, boots and hat and boot liners shall be washed or dry
cleaned.
(2) Goggles, glasses and welder's shields shall be disinfected
before being transferred from one employee to another.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.9 Drinking water and sanitation.
(a) Drinking water. There shall be provided in readily accessible
locations on every construction, demolition or excavation job site a
supply of clean, pure and cool drinking water. Such drinking water
shall be running water or furnished in clean, covered receptacles.
The use of common drinking cups or dippers is prohibited.
(b) Change houses. Where more than three employees change their
clothes on the job site, properly ventilated and illuminated change
houses or other equivalent sheltered structures shall be provided.
Such change houses or other equivalent structures shall be of
sufficient size to accommodate all the persons desiring to use such
facilities. During cold weather such change houses or other
equivalent structures shall be heated to a temperature of at least
60 degrees Fahrenheit during any period of use.
(c) Toilet facilities. (1) Toilet facilities shall be provided or
made available in a sufficient number to accommodate all employees
on the basis of at least one unit for every 30 persons or fraction
thereof. Wherever water and sewer connections are available the
toilet facilities shall consist of water closets. Where such water
and sewer connections are not available, approved chemical or
electrical toilets or acceptable privies shall be provided. All
toilet facilities shall be maintained in a sanitary condition.
(2) Where any female is employed on a construction, demolition or
excavation job site, separate, clearly marked toilet facilities
shall be provided and maintained in a sanitary condition.
(3) Accessibility of toilet facilities. Toilet facilities shall be
readily available to all employees. In the construction of buildings
or other structures such facilities shall be located no more than
four stories or 60 feet above or below, nor more than 500 feet
travel on the same level, from the work location of any person. In
no case shall toilet facilities be located more than 1,000 feet from
any work location except in the cases of highway construction and
maintenance or the installation and repair of utility facilities in
remote locations where transportation to sanitary facilities shall
be provided by the employers. Such toilet facilities shall be in
compliance with paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subdivision.
(d) Washing facilities. Washing facilities, including warm water,
soap and individual towels which may be of the paper type, shall be
provided for all employees who are required to use or handle
corrosive substances, chemicals or any other harmful substances on
the basis of at least one wash basin with warm running water for
every 10 such employees. Where running water is not available at
least five gallons of fresh, warm water and a wash basin shall be
supplied for every four such employees.
(e) Sheltered facilities. All toilet and washing facilities on
construction, demolition and excavation job sites shall be sheltered
and so enclosed as to provide privacy for the users and protection
from insects, vermin and the elements. Such facilities shall be
protected from any hazard from machinery, equipment and falling
objects and materials.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.10 Hand tools.
(a) Unpowered hand tools. Edged tools shall be kept sharp and shall
be maintained free from burrs and mushroomed heads. Split or loose
tool handles shall not be used.
(b) Electrical and pneumatic hand tools. (1) Power shut-off
requirements. Electric and pneumatic hand tools shall be
disconnected from power sources and the pressure in hose lines shall
be released before any adjustments or repairs are made except for
the replacement of bits in electric drills. Before disconnecting any
air hose, the air shall be shut off. Every electric and pneumatic
hand tool shall be equipped with a cut-off switch within easy reach
of the operator.
(2) Electric and hose lines. Electric and hose lines shall be
guarded by location or by covering to prevent severe abrasion and to
prevent any tripping hazard.
(3) Grounding of electrical tools. Electrically operated hand tools
shall be grounded during use. The ground wires shall be connected to
the frames of the tools and the other ends shall be properly
grounded. Approved double-insulated type portable hand tools are
exempt from this grounding requirement.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.11 Lumber and nail fastenings.
(a) The lumber used in the construction of equipment or temporary
structures required by this Part (rule) shall be sound and shall not
contain any defects such as ring shakes, large or loose knots or
other defects which may impair the strength of such lumber for the
purpose for which it is to be used.
(b) The lumber dimensions specified in this Part (rule) are nominal
or trade size except as otherwise specifically stated with the words
"full size" and except in the case of ladders.
(c) All nails shall be driven full length and shall be of the proper
size, type, length and number to provide the required strength at
all joints. Only double-headed or screw-type nails shall be used in
the construction of scaffolds.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.12 Guarding of power-driven
machinery.
(a) General. Power-driven machines not specifically considered in
this Part (rule) shall be guarded in accordance with the
requirements of Industrial Code Part (Rule No.) 19 relating to
"Guarding of Dangerous Machinery, Vats and Pans."
(b) Keys, set screws and similar projections. All keys, set screws,
bolts and similar projections on shafts, pulleys, gears, collars and
couplings and other revolving members, where such projections are
not countersunk or protected by location from accidental contact by
persons, shall be guarded by smooth, cylindrical safety sleeves
constructed of wood or metal which completely surrounds each such
projection, or each such projection shall be guarded by a stationary
enclosure of sheet metal, wire mesh, expanded metal or other
suitable material. Any openings in such enclosures shall reject a
ball one-half inch in diameter.
(c) Power-driven saws. (1) Every portable, power-driven,
hand-operated saw which is not provided with a saw table, except
chain saws and circular brush saws, shall be equipped with a fixed
guard above the base plate which will completely protect the
operator from contact with the saw blade when the saw is operating
and with a movable self-adjusting guard below the base plate which
will completely cover the saw blade to the depth of the teeth when
such saw blade is removed from the cut.
Note: Electrically-driven portable saws are also subject to the
provisions of section 23-1.10 of this
Part (rule).
(2) Every power-driven saw, other than a portable saw, shall be
equipped with a guard which covers the saw blade to such an extent
as will prevent contact with the teeth. In operation, such guard
shall rise automatically by pressure from the material being cut or
shall be so adjusted that as the saw cuts the material, the distance
from the material to the underside of the guard does not exceed
one-half inch. The exposed teeth of the saw blade beneath the table
shall be effectively guarded. Every such saw shall be provided with
a cut-off switch within easy reach of the operator without his
leaving the operating position.
Exception: Any arm saw whose upper blade half is enclosed and which
is provided with a front
blocking bar or rod is not required to be guarded by the automatic
rising pressure guard.
(3) Every table circular saw used for ripping shall be provided with
a spreader securely fastened in position and with an effective
device to prevent material kickback.
(d) Sprockets and gears. Sprockets and gears which are not protected
by location or design from accidental contact by persons shall be
completely enclosed or shall be provided with band guards which
cover the periphery and which have side flanges which extend below
the roots of the teeth.
(e) Belts, pulleys and flywheels. All belts except conveyor belts
and all pulleys and flywheels which are less than seven feet above
the ground, floor, working platform, runway or equivalent surface
where persons work or pass and which are not protected by location
from accidental contact by persons, shall have all moving parts
guarded by substantial enclosures or by safety railings constructed
and installed in compliance with this Part (rule) which will prevent
persons from approaching within a horizontal distance of 18 inches.
Enclosures required by this Part (rule) may be temporarily removed
when starting a machine or for machine adjustment or maintenance,
but shall be replaced immediately thereafter.
(f) Friction-disc drives. Friction-disc drives which are not guarded
by design or location from accidental contact with any person shall
be completely enclosed or shall be provided with band guards with
side flanges.
(g) Wire rope. The nip points between power winches or sheaves and
wire ropes shall be guarded by substantial enclosures or by safety
railings constructed and installed in compliance with this Part
(rule).
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.13 Electrical hazards.
(a) Operations subject to the jurisdiction of the Public Service
Commission. None of the provisions of this section shall apply to or
in connection with operations conducted by employers, owners,
contractors and their agents subject to the jurisdiction of the
Public Service Commission.
(b) General. (1) Precautions. All power lines and power facilities
around or near construction, demolition and excavation sites shall
be considered as energized until assurance has been given that they
are otherwise by qualified representatives of the owners of such
power lines or power facilities.
(2) Determination of voltages. Before work is begun at any
construction, demolition or excavation site, the employer shall
determine the voltage levels of all energized power lines and power
facilities around or near such site. Where two or more voltages are
available at a job site, all electrical equipment and circuits shall
be appropriately identified. Such identification shall include
voltage level and phase.
(3) Investigation and warning. Before work is begun the employer
shall ascertain by inquiry or direct observation, or by instruments,
whether any part of an electric power circuit, exposed or concealed,
is so located that the performance of the work may bring any person,
tool or machine into physical or electrical contact therewith. The
employer shall post and maintain proper warning signs where such a
circuit exists. He shall advise his employees of the locations of
such lines, the hazards involved and the protective measures to be
taken.
(4) Protection of employees. No employer shall suffer or permit an
employee to work in such proximity to any part of an electric power
circuit that he may contact such circuit in the course of his work
unless the employee is protected against electric shock by
de-energizing the circuit and grounding it or by guarding such
circuit by effective insulation or other means. In work areas where
the exact locations of underground electric power lines are unknown,
persons using jack hammers, bars or other hand tools which may
contact such power lines shall be provided with insulated protective
gloves, body aprons and footwear.
(5) Guarding of switches or other circuit interrupting devices. If
protection for employees consists of de-energizing circuits,
employers shall cause open switches or other circuit interrupting
devices to be guarded against inadvertent closing until such
employees are no longer exposed.
(6) Notifying utility company. At least five normal working days
before work is begun within 10 feet of any live overhead power line
or before any excavation work is performed which might contact or
disturb a live underground power line, the employer shall notify in
writing the utility whose power line may be affected.
(7) Generators. Portable electric power generators on any
construction, demolition or excavation job site shall have the
frames and one pole of the electrical outputs grounded.
(8) Defective insulation. Any wiring found to have cracked
insulation or insulation deteriorated in any other way shall be
immediately removed from service and discarded.
(c) Temporary electric power circuits at construction, demolition or
excavation job sites.
(1) Temporary electric wiring.
(i) All temporary wiring shall be supported on proper insulators and
not looped over nails or brackets. No bare wires or other
unprotected current-carrying parts shall be located within eight
feet above any surface where persons may work or pass unless
completely guarded by a fence or other barrier.
Exception: Where qualified persons must make adjustments or
measurements on an electrical
device or circuit.
(ii) Electrical systems and current-carrying equipment shall be
properly grounded except as provided for blasting circuits in this
Part (rule). Where it is necessary to lay electrical wiring on the
ground, such wiring shall be of the weather-proof type and heavy
enough to withstand the wear and abuse to which it may be subjected.
No conductor shall be used to carry a higher voltage than the
manufacturer's rating.
(iii) Elevated power lines shall have sufficient vertical clearance
where they cross highways, access roads or areas traveled by trucks,
cranes, shovels or other similar equipment. In no case shall such
vertical clearance be less than 18 feet.
(iv) Fuses and other automatic cut-outs shall not exceed a size that
will cause open circuits at points lower than the carrying
capacities of the protected conductors or equipment or their
insulation.
(d) High-voltage power circuits (over 300 volts to ground) at
construction, demolition and excavation sites. (1) At any
construction, demolition or excavation site where any person or
equipment is required to approach nearer than 10 feet to any
overhead energized high-voltage power line or power facility, such
approach shall not be made unless or until the following procedure
has been complied with:
(i) The owner of such power line or power facility shall be notified
in writing by the employer that such an approach is to be made.
(ii) In not more than one normal working day following the receipt
of such written notice, the owner of the high-voltage power line or
power facility shall advise and make recommendations for the
procedure to be followed in performing any work nearer than 10 feet
to such power line or power facility.
Exception: In an emergency situation involving imminent danger to
the life, health or safety
of any person the employer is not required to comply with this
provision.
(iii) The employer shall follow the procedure recommended by the
owner of the high-voltage power line or power facility in performing
any work within 10 feet of such power line or power facility.
(2) The procedure outlined in subparagraphs (i), (ii) and (iii),
above, shall be followed whenever any excavation work is to be
performed in any area where underground high-voltage power circuits
are known or expected to exist.
(3) Any equipment used on a construction, demolition or excavation
site which could approach nearer than 10 feet of an energized
electric power line or power facility, located overhead or
underground, shall be effectively grounded as follows:
(i) Any such equipment shall be provided with a permanent clamp or
other means for convenient and effective attachment to a grounding
conductor.
(ii) The cable connecting the clamp to the ground shall be
equivalent to a No. 1 AWG or larger single conductor, extraflexible,
rope-stranded copper, with 600-volt covering for abrasive
protection, and with terminal parts that insure a proper connection
with hand-type screw clamps.
(iii) An effective ground for such equipment shall be one having a
measured resistance of 25 ohms or less, or a connection to a
continuous underground metallic water piping system.
(4) Any machinery or equipment used on a construction, demolition or
excavation site which has a boom or similar moving extension shall
be provided with a durable warning sign posted and maintained in
such a location as to be clearly visible to the operator of such
machinery or equipment from his operating position. Every such
warning sign shall bear the following legend in black letters on a
yellow background:
WARNING (Letters to be at least one-half inch in height)
It is unlawful to operate this
equipment closer than 10 feet
of any energized high-voltage
electric power circuit. (Letters to be at least one-quarter inch in
height)
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.14 Temporary combustion devices.
(a) General requirements. (1) The use of an open salamander, coke
burner or other device or receptacle of any kind in which charcoal,
coal or any other fuel or combustible substance is burned for any
purpose is prohibited in any enclosed area of any building or other
structure unless sufficient ventilation is maintained in such
enclosed area to assure a safe atmosphere for breathing and proper
combustion.
(2) No tarpaulin or canvas covering shall be located nearer than 10
feet from a temporary combustion device unless such covering has
been treated with flame retardant chemicals. Tarpaulins and canvas
coverings which have been treated with flame-retardant chemicals may
be located not less than four feet from a temporary combustion
device. Tarpaulins and canvas coverings shall be securely fastened
to prevent contact with any temporary combustion device.
(3) Temporary combustion devices shall not be placed on any
combustible floor, platform or any other combustible surface unless
such surface is protected or insulated for a minimum distance of six
feet in a horizontal direction from the perimeter of the combustion
device on all sides. The minimum overhead or side clearance from the
combustion device to any combustible material shall be four feet.
Exception: The horizontal insulation protection on a scaffold
platform may be limited to the width
of the scaffold platform provided there are no combustible objects
or materials within six
feet horizontally in any direction from the combustion device and
that the other pertinent
provisions of this section are complied with.
(4) Temporary combustion devices shall be provided with suitable
base supports or legs to prevent tipping.
(5) An approved fire extinguisher of a suitable type shall be
located on the same floor or level and within 50 feet of every
temporary combustion device being used. When a temporary combustion
device is used on any scaffold platform, an approved fire
extinguisher of a suitable type shall be located on such platform.
(6) Solid fuel heaters and oil-fired salamanders are prohibited from
use in any building or other structure under construction or from
use on any scaffold.
(b) Temporary combustion devices using liquified gas. (1) General.
(i) After June 1, 1972 all combustion devices used for temporary
heating which use liquified gas as fuel shall be approved.
(ii) Liquified gas used as fuel in temporary combustion devices
shall contain an agent which will give such gas a distinctive and
detectable odor.
(iii) Areas in which temporary combustion devices fueled by
liquified gas are used shall have legible warning signs affixed to
every entrance to such areas. Such signs shall be conspicuously
located so as to be readily visible to persons approaching such
areas. Such signs shall bear the words, "DANGER – FLAMMABLE GAS" in
letters at least four inches in height on a contrasting background.
(iv) Temporary combustion devices manufactured after June 1, 1972
shall be provided with automatic cut-off devices which will shut off
the fuel supply in the event of flame failure. Such cut-off devices
shall be installed at the burners.
(v) A designated person shall be in attendance on the job site at
all times when liquified gas combustion devices are operating.
(2) Liquified gas cylinders and containers.
(i) Cylinders and containers of liquified gas used as fuel for the
heating of construction shanties, sanitary facilities, field offices
or other temporary buildings or structures on construction,
demolition or excavation sites shall be located outside such
buildings or other structures.
Exception: Temporary combustion devices specifically designed to be
attached to gas cylinders
or containers.
(ii) The use of cylinders or containers of liquified gas having
stored capacities in excess of 1,000 pounds each is prohibited in
the interior of any building or other structure. Where such capacity
cylinders or containers are used, they shall be stored in central
areas outside of any building or other structure. Such liquified gas
supply shall be located a distance of at least 25 feet from any
building or other structure or from any combustible material and
shall be protected from the sun and high temperatures.
(iii) Liquified gas cylinders or containers not in use shall be
stored or placed at a distance of at least 25 feet from any building
or other structures or from any combustible material and shall be
protected from the sun and high temperatures. Each storage location
shall be provided with at least one approved portable fire
extinguisher of a suitable type.
(iv) Liquified gas cylinders or containers shall be raised or
lowered only in suitable cradles. The use of ordinary slings for
such purpose is prohibited. No more than two cylinders or containers
shall be handled in a cradle at one time.
(v) Liquified gas cylinders or containers shall not be dropped or
thrown from any height.
(vi) Liquified gas cylinders or containers, whether full, partially
full or empty, shall be securely fastened in place in an upright
position and protected from any damage. Such cylinders shall not be
supported in the areas of the valves or valve protectors.
Exception: In operations where such cylinders must be placed in a
horizontal position, as in
the extraction of liquid.
(vii) The control valve of any liquified gas cylinder shall be
located at the domed end of such cylinder. When not in use, such
control valve shall be protected by its ring guard. A key, wrench or
hand wheel shall be maintained on the spindle of every liquified gas
cylinder or container at all times during use. The use of a control
valve at the combustion device as a sole means of turning off the
fuel supply is prohibited.
(viii) Each liquified gas cylinder or container shall be provided
with a pressure regulator or an automatic pressure reducing device.
Such regulator or reducing device shall be located between the
cylinder or container and the combustion device or distribution
manifold.
(ix) Valves, fittings, piping and other accessories connected to a
liquified gas cylinder or between a cylinder and a pressure reducing
device shall be designed to withstand the maximum hydrostatic
cylinder working pressure.
(3) Central station distribution. Where temporary combustion devices
use liquified gas supplied from a central station, the liquified gas
distribution shall be in accordance with the following:
(i) Liquified gas shall be distributed throughout the building or
other structure from the cylinder or container area to the
combustion devices in the gaseous state by means of flexible or
rigid piping suitable for such use at a pressure not exceeding 20
pounds per square inch gage.
(ii) Such flexible or rigid branch piping shall extend to a point
not more than 10 feet nor less than six feet from any temporary
combustion device.
(iii) Such piping shall be provided with shut-off valves at each
floor or equivalent level take-off from the riser, at each branch
take-off and at each final take-off.
(iv) The connections between the flexible or rigid piping and the
temporary combustion devices shall be by means of armored flexible
hose. Such hose shall be provided with metal screw connectors which
shall be maintained in a tight condition.
(4) Use of individual liquified gas cylinders or containers. Where
each temporary combustion device is supplied with liquified gas from
an individual cylinder or container and a central station
distribution system is not used, such use shall be in accordance
with the following:
(i) Each liquified gas cylinder or container shall be securely
fastened in an upright position and protected from any damage. Such
cylinder shall not be supported in the area of the valve or valve
protector.
(ii) Each liquified gas cylinder or container shall be located a
minimum distance of six feet from any temporary combustion device.
Exception: Any temporary combustion device specifically designed to
be attached to a gas
cylinder or container.
(iii) Liquified gas cylinders or containers shall be connected to
temporary combustion devices by means of armored flexible hose not
more than 10 feet nor less than six feet in length.
Exception: Any temporary combustion device specifically designed to
be attached to a gas
cylinder or container.
(iv) Such armored flexible hose connections shall be made by means
of metal screw connectors which shall be maintained in a tight
condition.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.15 Safety railing.
Whenever required by this Part (rule), a safety railing shall
consist as a minimum of an assembly constructed as follows:
(a) A two inch by four inch horizontal wooden hand rail, not less
than 36 inches nor more than 42 inches above the walking level,
securely supported by two inch by four inch vertical posts at
intervals of not more than eight feet.
(b) A one inch by four inch horizontal midrail.
(c) A one inch by four inch toeboard except when such safety railing
is installed at grade or ground level or is not adjacent to any
opening, pit or other area which may be occupied by any person.
(d) The hand rail of every safety railing shall be smooth and free
from splinters and protruding nails.
(e) Other material or construction may be used for safety railings
required by this Part (rule) provided such assemblies have
equivalent strength and assure equivalent safety.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.16 Safety belts, harnesses, tail
lines and lifelines.
(a) Approval required. Safety belts, harnesses and all special
devices for attachment to hanging lifelines shall be approved.
(b) Attachment required. Every approved safety belt or harness
provided or furnished to an employee for his personal safety shall
be used by such employee in the performance of his work whenever
required by this Part (rule) and whenever so directed by his
employer. At all times during use such approved safety belt or
harness shall be properly attached either to a securely anchored
tail line, directly to a securely anchored hanging lifeline or to a
tail line attached to a securely anchored hanging lifeline. Such
attachments shall be so arranged that if the user should fall such
fall shall not exceed five feet.
(c) Instruction in use. Every employee who is provided with an
approved safety belt or harness shall be instructed prior to use in
the proper method of wearing, using and attaching such safety belt
or harness to the lifeline.
(d) Tail lines. The length of any tail line shall be the minimum
required in order for an employee to perform his work, but in no
case shall be longer than four feet. Such tail line shall be
attached to a hanging lifeline or to a substantial structural member
at a point no lower than two feet above the working platform or
working level. Tail lines shall be first grade manila or synthetic
fibre rope at least one-half inch in diameter with a breaking
strength of not less than 4,000 pounds or shall be fabricated of
other approved materials.
(e) Lifelines. Any hanging lifeline required by this Part (rule)
shall be not more than 300 feet in length from the point of
suspension to grade, building setback or other surface. Every
hanging lifeline shall be securely attached to a sufficient
anchorage. Every hanging lifeline shall be provided with padding,
wrapping, chafing gear or similar means of protection from contact
with building edges or other objects which may cut or abrade such
lifeline. Lifelines shall be fabricated of wire rope at least
five-sixteenths inch in diameter or first grade manila or synthetic
fibre rope at least one-half inch in diameter with a breaking
strength of not less than 4,000 pounds.
(f) Inspection and maintenance. (1) Every safety belt, harness, tail
line and lifeline shall be inspected by a designated person prior to
each use. Employers shall not suffer or permit any employee to use
any such equipment which shows any indication of mildew, broken
fibre or fabric, excessive wear or any other damage or deterioration
which could materially affect the strength of such safety belts,
harnesses, tail lines or lifelines. Any such equipment found to be
unsafe shall be removed from the job site.
(2) When not in use, safety belts, harnesses, tail lines and
lifelines shall be stored in such areas and in such a manner as to
prevent their deterioration and to protect them from being damaged.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.17 Life nets.
(a) Approval required. Any life net used in construction or
demolition operations shall be approved.
(b) Materials and construction. Approved life nets shall be made of
first grade fibre cordage, woven fabric or synthetic fibre and all
such materials shall be treated to render them fire resistant; or
such approved life nets shall be constructed of wire rope. An
approved life net shall have a mesh not exceeding four inches. The
perimeter of every life net shall be reinforced with cloth-covered
wire rope, manila rope or synthetic fibre rope and shall be equipped
with properly sized padded thimbles, sockets or equivalent approved
means of attachment to supports and anchorages.
(c) Size, strength, location and attachment of life nets. Every life
net or combination of life nets shall be of sufficient size and
strength to catch and hold any person for whose protection such net
or combination of nets is being used in case of a fall. Such net or
combination of nets shall be located so as to completely cover the
area of possible fall. Every life net shall be attached to
sufficient anchorages or supports outside of and beyond the area of
possible fall and shall be supported at a height to prevent sagging
which may cause the net to strike or touch any surface or object
beneath when cushioning the fall of any person.
(d) Maintenance. Every life net in use shall be thoroughly dried
before storage and shall be stored in a dry location which is
protected from the elements. Every life net shall be protected
against damage from mechanical devices, acid or other corrosive
substances or from any other type of deterioration.
(e) Inspection. Every life net shall be thoroughly inspected by a
designated qualified person before each installation. A daily visual
inspection shall be made by a designated person of every life net in
use. Employers shall not suffer or permit any installation or use of
any life net which shows any indication of mildew, broken fibre or
fabric, excessive wear or any other damage or deterioration which
could materially affect the strength of any portion of such life
net. Any life net found to be unsafe shall be immediately removed
from the job site and not returned for reuse unless properly
repaired.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.18 Sidewalk sheds and barricades.
(a) Sidewalk sheds. A sidewalk shed constructed in accordance with
the provisions of this section shall be required along any sidewalk
or thoroughfare where the following conditions persist:
(1) Where any building or other structure exceeding 40 feet in
height above and alongside of such sidewalk or thoroughfare is to be
erected.
(2) Where any building or other structure exceeding 25 feet in
height above such sidewalk or thoroughfare is to be demolished and
the distance from such sidewalk or thoroughfare to the nearest point
of such building or other structure is one-half or less of the
height of such building or other structure.
(3) Where during construction or demolition operations, material or
debris is to be transported over such sidewalk or thoroughfare,
regardless of the height of the building or other structure being
constructed or demolished.
(b) Sidewalk shed construction. (1) The deck and supporting
structure of every sidewalk shed shall be constructed to sustain a
live load of at least 150 pounds per square foot without breaking,
and if material is to be stored thereon such deck and supporting
structure shall be constructed to sustain a live load of not less
than 300 pounds per square foot without breaking. Every sidewalk
shed shall be so erected as to provide a vertical clearance of not
less than seven and one-half feet at any point above the walkway
surface. Every sidewalk shed shall have such width as to allow the
unimpeded passage of pedestrians at all times but in no case shall
any sidewalk shed be less than five feet wide.
(2) The outside edge and the ends of the deck of every sidewalk shed
shall be provided with a substantial enclosure at least 42 inches in
height, consisting of boards not less than one inch thick laid
close, or of screening formed of not less than No. 16 U.S. gage
steel wire mesh with openings which will reject a one and one-half
inch diameter ball, or of corrugated metal sheet of not less than
No. 22 U.S. gage or of exterior grade plywood not less than one-half
inch thick.
(3) The deck of every sidewalk shed shall consist of planks not less
than two inches thick full size laid tight. Unless such deck is
constructed solidly against the face of the building or other
structure in such manner that no material, debris or other objects
can fall on the sidewalk or other walkway surface, the side of the
shed toward the building or other structure shall be solidly fenced
with a barricade for its full height. Solid sliding or swinging
gates or doors may be provided for the movement of men and
materials.
(4) Metal or other materials of equivalent strength and suitability
may be used in lieu of wood in the construction of sidewalk sheds.
(5) Sidewalk sheds shall be provided with illumination having an
intensity of not less than five-foot candles measured at the walkway
level to insure the safe movement of persons.
(c) Barricades. (1) Along every sidewalk or pedestrian thoroughfare
where a building or other structure is to be constructed or
demolished and where a sidewalk shed is not required by this Part
(rule), there shall be erected a substantial barricade to prevent
unauthorized persons from entering the site of such operations.
(2) Such barricade shall be a fence or equivalent barrier not less
than six feet in height. Such barricade shall be of solid
construction for its entire height and length except for such
openings, provided with solid doors, as may be necessary for the
proper performance of the work.
(3) Where the height of the building or other structure to be
constructed or demolished is not more than 25 feet above the ground,
grade or equivalent surface and where the distance from the sidewalk
or pedestrian thoroughfare to the nearest point of such building or
other structure is more than one half of the height of the building
or other structure, a substantial safety railing constructed in
compliance with this Part (rule) may be installed at the inside edge
of such sidewalk or pedestrian thoroughfare in lieu of such solid
barricade.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.19 Catch platforms.
(a) General. Catch platforms shall not be used as working platforms,
walkways or for the storage of material.
(b) Catch platform construction. Catch platforms where required by
this Part (rule) shall comply with the following:
(1) Every catch platform shall be at least five feet wide and so
inclined that the outer edge is six inches higher than the inner
edge.
(2) If the supports of a catch platform consist of outriggers, such
outriggers shall be at least two inches by 10 inches in size, set on
edge and spaced not more than eight feet apart. Such outriggers
shall be placed and anchored in compliance with this Part (rule).
(3) The planking used in the construction of catch platforms shall
be at least two inches thick full size and shall be laid tight and
nailed. Each such plank shall lap its end supports by at least 12
inches. Other materials of equivalent strength may be used in lieu
of such planking.
(c) Catch platform enclosures. Except as otherwise permitted by this
Part (rule), the open sides of catch platforms shall be provided
with a barricade or fence of tight planking at least two inches
thick, exterior grade plywood at least three-quarters inch thick or
of No.18 U.S. gage wire screen mesh with openings that will reject a
ball one-half inch in diameter. Every such enclosure shall be at
least 48 inches in height above the platform with no opening between
the bottom of the enclosure and the platform. Supports for a wood
enclosure shall be at least two inches by six inches in
cross-section and shall be spaced not more than 10 feet apart,
center to center.
(d) Catch platform installation. Every catch platform shall be so
installed that the inner edge of such catch platform is flush with
the wall of the building or other structure on which it is
installed.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.20 Chutes.
(a) Chute enclosures. Wooden or metal chutes used for the removal of
material and debris from elevated levels of a building or other
structure and which are at an angle of more than 45 degrees from the
horizontal shall be entirely enclosed on all sides and the top,
except for openings used for the receiving and discharging of
material and debris. Such necessary openings shall not exceed 48
inches in height, measured along the wall of the chute, and all
openings shall be covered when not in use. Chutes which are at an
angle of 45 degrees or less from the horizontal may be open on the
upper side.
(b) Chute construction. Every chute more than 24 inches in maximum
inside dimension shall be constructed of planking at least two
inches thick full size, exterior grade plywood at least
three-quarters inch thick or sheet metal at least three-sixteenths
inch thick. Every chute shall have a metal bottom where the material
or debris strikes the chute and every chute shall be rigidly
supported throughout its height. A substantial gate shall be
constructed and installed at the lower end of every loading chute to
control the loading of material or debris into trucks and to cover
the chute opening at all other times. Splash boards or baffles shall
be installed on every chute to prevent materials or debris from
rebounding onto the street, sidewalk shed or any other area adjacent
to the discharge end of the chute.
(c) Protection at chute openings. A bumper or curb not less than
four inches by four inches in section shall be provided at each
chute opening where such opening is level with or below the level of
the floor or platform. Every space between the chute and the edge of
the opening in a floor or platform shall be solidly planked.
(d) Danger signs. A sign reading, "DANGER", shall be placed in a
conspicuous location at the discharge end of every chute to warn
persons employed in or lawfully frequenting the area of the chute of
the potential overhead danger. Lettering on such signs shall be not
less than six inches in height with letter strokes not less than
three-quarters inch in width and shall be of such color as will
contrast with the background.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.21 Ladders and ladderways.
(a) Approval required. Any metal or fiberglass ladder which is 10
feet or more in length shall be approved. Any other ladder not named
or described in this Part (rule) shall not be used unless approved.
(b) General requirements for ladders. (1) Strength. Every ladder
shall be capable of sustaining without breakage, dislodgment or
loosening of any component at least four times the maximum load
intended to be placed thereon.
(2) Opaque protective coatings prohibited. The use of an opaque
protective coating on any ladder is prohibited.
(3) Maintenance and replacement. All ladders shall be maintained in
good condition. A ladder shall not be used if any of the following
conditions exist:
(i) If it has a broken member or part.
(ii) If it has any insecure joints between members or parts.
(iii) If it has any wooden rung or step that is worn down to
three-quarters or less of its original thickness.
(iv) If it has any flaw or defect of material that may cause ladder
failure.
(4) Installation and use.
(i) Any portable ladder used as a regular means of access between
floors or other levels in any building or other structure shall be
nailed or otherwise securely fastened in place. Such a ladder shall
extend at least 36 inches above the upper floor, level or landing or
handholds shall be provided at such upper levels to afford safe
means of access to or egress from the ladder. Such a ladder shall be
inclined a maximum of three inches for each foot of rise.
(ii) All ladder footings shall be firm. Slippery surfaces and
insecure objects such as bricks and boxes shall not be used as
ladder footings.
(iii) A leaning ladder shall be rigid enough to prevent excessive
sag under expected maximum loading conditions.
(iv) When work is being performed from ladder rungs between six and
10 feet above the ladder footing, a leaning ladder shall be held in
place by a person stationed at the foot of such ladder unless the
upper end of such ladder is secured against side slip by its
position or by mechanical means. When work is being performed from
rungs higher than 10 feet above the ladder footing, mechanical means
for securing the upper end of such ladder against side slip are
required and the lower end of such ladder shall be held in place by
a person unless such lower end is tied to a secure anchorage or
safety feet are used.
(v) The upper end of any ladder which is leaning against a slippery
surface shall be mechanically secured against side slip while work
is being performed from such ladder.
(5) Wooden ladder rungs.
(i) Round ladder rungs shall be not less than one and one-eighth
inches in diameter and oval rungs shall be of equal strength. The
tenons of rungs shall be not less than seven-eighths inch in
diameter. All tenons shall fit tightly into holes which shall either
extend through the side rails or be bored so as to give at least
thirteen-sixteenths inch of bearing to the tenons. In through-bore
construction, the tenons shall be flush with the outside rail
surface of the ladder. All tenon holes shall be located on the
center lines of the wide faces of the side rails. The shoulders of
each rung shall fit firmly against the side rails and the tenons
secured in place with nails or the equivalent to prevent the tenons
from turning.
(ii) Rung spacing shall be uniform and shall be not less than 12
inches nor more than 14 inches, center to center.
(6) Ladder splicing. Ladders shall not be spliced to increase their
length except that extension pieces may be spliced to the upper ends
of ladders for use as handholds. Such extension pieces shall not
bear against the ladder supporting object or structure.
(7) Limited use of metal ladders. Metal ladders shall not be used or
placed in any location where they may come into contact with any
energized electric power line, power facility or any exposed
electrical parts of apparatus or equipment.
(8) Spreaders. All ladders with spreading bases, such as step and
trestle ladders, shall be equipped with locking type spreaders to
hold such bases rigid when in the open position.
(9) Placement of ladders in door openings. Ladders shall not be
placed in door openings unless the doors are securely fastened open,
closed and locked or otherwise effectively guarded against swinging.
(10) Prohibited types of ladders. The use of single pole (scaling)
ladders or rail type ladders where the rungs or cleats are attached
across the pole or rail is prohibited.
(c) Single ladders. (1) Length. Rung or cleat type ladders
consisting of a single section shall not exceed 30 feet in length.
(2) Cleat type ladders.
(i) Materials. Wood used in the construction of cleat type ladders
shall be thoroughly seasoned, free from sharp edges and splinters
and shall be sound. The slope of the grain of side rails and cleats
shall be no greater than one in 15. Wood containing knots which
intersect the narrow faces of cleats and side rails shall not be
used. Wood containing knots which intersect the wide faces of cleats
may be used provided such knots are less than one-quarter inch in
diameter. Wood containing knots which intersect the wide faces of
side rails may be used providing such knots are less than one-half
inch in diameter, are located at least one-half inch back from the
edges of the rails and are not more frequent than one knot in every
three feet of rail length.
(ii) Construction.
(a) Cleats. The minimum size of cleats shall be three-quarter inch
by three inches for cleat lengths up to and including 20 inches and
three-quarter inch by three and three-quarter inches for cleat
lengths up to and including 30 inches. Cleats shall not exceed 30
inches in length and the maximum vertical spacing between cleats
measured along the side rails shall not be less than 12 inches nor
greater than 14 inches, center to center. Cleats shall be set into
the side rails one-half inch with a snug fit or they shall be braced
by filler blocks between the cleats,
(b) Side rails. The minimum size of side rails shall be one and
five-eighths inches by three and five-eighths inches for ladders up
to and including 19 feet in length and one and five-eighths inches
by five and five-eighths inches for ladders greater than 19 feet in
length.
(d) Extension ladders and sectional ladders. (1) Length. Extension
ladders shall consist of not more than three sections and shall not
exceed 60 feet in length when fully extended. The maximum working
length from an extension ladder shall be the length of the ladder
minus the minimum overlap. Minimum overlaps shall be as follows:
Length of Ladder in Feet MinimumOverlap in Feet
Up to and including 36 3
Over 36 up to and including 48 4
Over 48 up to and including 60 5
(2) Adjustment guides. The adjustment guides of extension ladders
shall be so attached to the rails as to prevent the upper sections
from tipping or falling out while in use or during adjustment. Each
upper section of any extension ladder when extended shall be locked
in place by two automatic positive acting locks.
(e) Stepladders. (1) Length. Stepladders with side rails exceeding
20 feet in length shall not be used.
(2) Bracing. Such bracing as may be necessary for rigidity shall be
provided for every stepladder. When in use every stepladder shall be
opened to its full position and the spreader shall be locked.
(3) Stepladder footing. Standing stepladders shall be used only on
firm, level footings. When work is being performed from a step of a
stepladder 10 feet or more above the footing, such stepladder shall
be steadied by a person stationed at the foot of the stepladder or
such stepladder shall be secured against sway by mechanical means.
(4) Prohibited use. Stepladders shall not be used as supports for
scaffold planking.
(5) Stepladder construction.
(i) Width. The minimum clear width between side rails at the top
step of a stepladder shall be 12 inches and such width shall
increase a minimum of one inch per foot of length between the top
and bottom of the rails.
(ii) Tread depth. The depth of the steps or treads of any stepladder
shall be not less than three inches.
(iii) Pail shelf. A pail shelf, if provided on a stepladder, shall
be designed to fold completely within the ladder.
(iv) Metal ladder steps. Metal ladder steps of any stepladder shall
be corrugated, knurled, dimpled, coated with skid-resistant
materials or otherwise constructed or treated to minimize slipping.
(f) Ladderways. After June 1, 1972, any ladderway exceeding 70 feet
in height shall be equipped with rest platforms spaced at intervals
not exceeding 35 feet. Where ladders are used in series and where a
danger of falling material or debris exists, such ladders shall be
staggered, offset or so located as to provide protection from such
danger.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.22 Structural runways, ramps and
platforms.
(a) Application. This section does not apply to ramps constructed of
earth, gravel, stone or similar embankment material.
(b) Runways and ramps. (1) All runways and ramps shall be
substantially constructed and securely braced and supported. Runways
and ramps constructed for use by motor trucks or heavier vehicles
shall be not less than 12 feet wide for single lane traffic or 24
feet wide for two lane traffic. Such runways and ramps shall be
provided with timber curbs not less than 10 inches by 10 inches,
full size timber, placed parallel to, and secured to the sides of
such runways and ramps. The flooring of such runways and ramps shall
be positively secured against movement and constructed of planking
at least three inches thick full size or metal of equivalent
strength.
(2) Runways and ramps constructed for the use of persons only shall
be at least 18 inches in width and shall be constructed of planking
at least two inches thick full size or metal of equivalent strength.
Such surface shall be substantially supported and braced to prevent
excessive spring or deflection. Where planking is used it shall be
laid close, butt jointed and securely nailed.
(3) Runways and ramps constructed for the use of wheelbarrows, power
buggies, hand carts or hand trucks shall be at least 48 inches in
width. Such runways and ramps shall be constructed of planking at
least two inches thick full size or metal of equivalent strength.
Such runways and ramps shall be substantially supported and braced
to prevent excessive spring or deflection. Where planking is used on
such runways and ramps, it shall be laid close, butt jointed and
securely nailed. Such runways and ramps shall be provided with
timber curbs at least two inches by eight inches full size, set on
edge and placed parallel to, and secured to, the sides of such
runways and ramps. Bracing for such runways and ramps shall be
installed at a maximum of four foot intervals.
(4) Any runway or ramp constructed for the use of persons only which
is located at, or extends to, a height of more than four feet above
the ground, grade, floor or equivalent surface shall be provided
with a safety railing constructed and installed in compliance with
this Part (rule) on every open side.
(c) Platforms. (1) Any platform used as a working area or used for
the unloading of wheelbarrows, power buggies, hand carts or hand
trucks shall be provided with a floor of planking at least two
inches thick full size, exterior grade plywood at least
three-quarters inch thick or metal of equivalent strength. Platforms
used for motor trucks or heavier vehicles shall be provided with
floors of planking at least three inches thick full size or metal of
equivalent strength.
(2) Every platform more than seven feet above the ground, grade,
floor or equivalent surface shall be provided with a safety railing
constructed and installed in compliance with this Part (rule) on all
sides except those used for loading and unloading. Such sides when
used for the loading or unloading of motor trucks or heavier
vehicles shall be protected by timber curbs at least 10 inches by 10
inches full size and when used for the loading or unloading of
wheelbarrows, power buggies, hand carts or hand trucks such sides
shall be protected by timber curbs at least two inches by eight
inches full size set on edge and secured to platform.
Exception: The following platforms are exempt from the safety
railing or curb requirements: platforms
of needle beam scaffolds; floats and rivet heater platforms used by
structural ironworkers;
ladder jack scaffold platforms; and trestle and extension trestle
ladder scaffold platforms.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.23 Earth ramps and runways.
(a) Construction. Earth ramps and runways shall be constructed of
suitable soil, gravel, stone or similar embankment material. Such
material shall be placed in layers not exceeding three feet in depth
and each such layer shall be properly compacted except where an
earth ramp or runway consists of undisturbed material. Earth ramp
and runway surfaces shall be maintained free from potholes, soft
spots or excessive uneveness.
(b) Slope. Earth ramps and runways shall have maximum slopes of one
in four (equivalent to 25 percent maximum grades).
(c) Earth ramps and runways used by motor trucks. Earth ramps and
runways constructed for use by motor trucks or heavier vehicles
shall be at least 12 feet in width if used only for single lane
traffic or shall be at least 24 feet in width if used for two lane
traffic. Such ramps and runways shall be provided with timber
curbing at least 10 inches by 10 inches full size securely pinned to
the ramps or runways by steel rods, with beams at least two and
one-half feet in height or with equivalent barriers along the sides.
(d) Earth ramps and runways used by persons. Earth ramps and runways
used by persons with or without wheelbarrows, power buggies, hand
carts or hand trucks shall be at least 48 inches in width. Such
ramps and runways more than four feet above the adjacent ground,
grade or equivalent level shall be provided with safety railings
constructed and installed in compliance with this Part (rule). The
total rise of any continuous ramp or runway used by persons with or
without wheelbarrows, power buggies, hand carts or hand trucks shall
not exceed 12 feet unless such rise is broken by a horizontal
section at least four feet in length every 50 feet.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.24 Work on roofs.
(a) General requirements. 1) Roofing brackets.
(i) Required use. Roofing brackets shall be used whenever work is to
be performed on any roof having a slope steeper than one in four
inches unless crawling boards or approved safety belts are used in
compliance with this Part (rule).
(ii) Roofing bracket construction. Roofing brackets shall be
constructed and installed to fit the pitch of the roof and when in
use shall provide a level working platform.
(iii) Roofing bracket installation. Roofing brackets shall be
secured in place by nailing, by securely driving into the roof the
pointed metal projections which are attached to the undersides of
roofing brackets or by means of first grade manila rope or synthetic
fibre rope at least three-quarters inch in diameter which is passed
over the ridge poles and tied.
(2) Crawling boards. (i) Crawling board construction. Crawling
boards shall be at least 10 inches in width and one inch in
thickness. Each crawling board shall be provided with cleats which
are at least one and one-half inches in width by one inch in
thickness. Such cleats shall be spaced at equal intervals across the
full width of the board and shall be firmly nailed. Cleat nails
shall be driven through and clinched or shall be of the screw type.
Crawling boards shall extend from the ridge poles to the eaves when
used in connection with roof construction, repair or maintenance.
(ii) Crawling board installation. Crawling boards shall be secured
to a roof by ridge hooks or equally effective means.
(iii) Crawling board lifeline. A lifeline in compliance with this
Part (rule) shall be strung beside each crawling board.
(b) High and steep roofs. Where any work is being performed in the
construction, repair or maintenance of any roof without a parapet at
least two and one-half feet in height and such roof is more than 20
feet in height measured from the ground or grade level to the
exterior edge of the eaves and the slope of such roof is greater
than one in four, a ground-supported scaffold in compliance with
this Part (rule) shall be provided. Such scaffold shall be installed
beneath the work area with the scaffold platform not more than two
feet below the exterior edges of the eaves of the roof. Such
scaffold shall be of sufficient width to extend outward at least two
feet from the exterior roof edge and the scaffold platform shall be
provided with a safety railing constructed and installed in
compliance with this Part (rule). In addition, persons performing
such work shall be protected against sliding by means of roofing
brackets or crawling boards installed and used in compliance with
this Part (rule). Such roofing brackets or crawling boards are not
required in cases where every employee engaged in work on such roof
is provided with and used as approved safety belt or harness
securely attached to a lifeline in compliance with this Part (rule).
(c) Protection of persons using roofing machines. Where persons are
using roofing machines on any roof which does not have a parapet at
least three feet in height installed around the perimeter of such
roof, protection from falling shall be provided for such persons as
follows:
(1) If the work area extends to any edge of the roof, such edge
shall be provided with a safety railing constructed and installed in
compliance with this Part (rule) or a ground-supported scaffold in
compliance with this Part (rule) shall be provided. Such scaffold
shall be installed the length of the work area with the scaffold
platform level with the roof edge elevation. Such scaffold shall be
of sufficient width to extend outward from the roof at least two
feet. The scaffold platform shall be provided with a safety railing
constructed and installed in compliance with this Part (rule) and
the space between the scaffold platform and the roof shall not be
more than six inches.
(2) If such work does not extend to any roof edge, portable
stanchions located five feet in from the roof edge and connected by
ropes or chains shall be provided. Such stanchions shall be spaced
so that the connecting ropes or chains shall not be less than 36 nor
more than 48 inches above the roof surfaces.
(d) Hot roofing material transporters, also known as hot luggers.
Closed containers or devices used for transporting molten roofing
materials from fill stations to the application areas on roofs shall
be equipped with at least the following safety features in order to
minimize hazards to persons caused by blowbacks of the molten
roofing materials:
(1) Existing transporters. On or before January 1, 1973, every
existing transporter shall be equipped with the following safety
devices:
(i) The fill pipe cover shall be provided with a safety latch
designed and installed to keep the cover in place at all times
except during filling operations.
(ii) On top of every such transporter remote from the fill pipe
there shall be installed an automatic venting device designed to
release any accumulation of gas pressure. Such venting device shall
be inspected daily to assure proper operation.
(2) New transporters. Every transporter manufactured after January
1, 1973 shall be equipped with the following safety devices:
(i) The fill pipe cover shall be provided with a safety latch
designed and installed to keep the cover in place at all times
except during filling operations.
(ii) Every such transporter shall be automatically vented or so
constructed as to prevent the accumulation of gas. Every such
transporter shall be inspected daily to assure proper operation.
(iii) Manufacturers of hot roofing material transporters shall
furnish written operating and safety instructions with every
transporter.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.25 Welding and flame cutting
operations.
(a) Compressed gas cylinders. (1) Cylinder storage. Compressed gas
cylinders not in use shall be stored in an upright position remote
from open flames, radiators and other sources of heat, buildings or
other structures and from any combustible material and shall be
protected from the sun and high temperatures or fire-resistant
shields shall be provided. Such cylinders shall be so arranged or
placed that they will not be knocked over or damaged by passing or
falling objects, equipment or materials. Cylinders containing oxygen
shall not be stored near cylinders containing combustible gas,
combustible material, oil or grease or in other areas where a
spontaneous combustion hazard exists. Cylinder valves shall be
closed at all times when not in use.
(2) Control valves and regulators. (i) The control valve of any
compressed gas cylinder shall be located at the domed end of such
cylinder and when not in use such control valve shall be protected
by a suitable cap or ring guard. A key or wrench shall be maintained
on the spindle of every compressed gas cylinder at all times during
use.
(ii) Each compressed gas cylinder in use shall be provided with a
pressure regulator or an automatic pressure reducing device.
(3) Use. (i) Compressed gas cylinders shall be raised or lowered
only in suitable cradles. The use of ordinary slings for such
purpose is prohibited.
(ii) Compressed gas cylinders shall not be dropped or thrown from
any height.
(iii) Compressed gas cylinders shall be placed in an upright
position when in use.
(iv) During use each compressed gas cylinder shall be securely
fastened to a stationary object unless other suitable provision has
been made to keep it from falling over.
(v) During use a compressed gas cylinder shall be located at least
six feet from any combustible material or from any heating device.
(vi) Empty compressed gas cylinders shall be immediately removed
from working areas and stored in designated safe locations. The
valves of such cylinders shall be closed and tags or signs
indicating that such cylinders are empty shall be attached thereto.
The use of compressed gas cylinders as rollers, props or supports is
prohibited.
(b) Hose and hose connections. (1) All hose shall be first quality
and of a type manufactured for use on construction or demolition job
sites. Hose used for oxygen cylinder connections shall have fittings
of a different design that hose used for compressed gas connections.
Hose connections shall be of either the ferrule or clamp type. Hose
shall be capable of withstanding, without leakage, a pressure equal
to at least twice the maximum delivery pressure of the pressure
regulators provided for the system but not less than 300 pounds per
square inch gage.
(2) Hose shall be protected from damage by trucks or other moving
construction or demolition equipment. Hose shall be so placed when
in use as not to constitute a falling or tripping hazard. All hose
shall be carefully examined at frequent intervals for leaks or for
signs of excessive wear, damage from abrasion or any other
deterioration. Defective hose or hose connections shall be
immediately repaired or removed from the job site.
(c) Torches. (1) Torches shall be lighted only by means of friction
lighters or self-contained electric spark igniters.
(2) When torches are changed or when welding is halted for more than
five minutes, all cylinder valves shall be closed.
(3) Momentary stoppages may be controlled at the torch valves.
(d) Protection of persons. All persons engaged in welding or
flame-cutting operations shall be provided where necessary with
proper scaffolds installed and used in compliance with this Part
(rule). Such persons shall be provided with approved eye protection
suitable for the work involved and appropriate protective apparel.
When arc welding is performed near other persons, such other persons
shall be protected from the arc rays by opaque screens or by
approved eye protection.
(e) Fire protection. (1) Oily and greasy substances shall be kept
away from the areas where cylinders, hose and torches are being
used. Cylinder valves and connections shall not be lubricated.
(2) Where there is a hazard to other persons from flying particles
of metal there shall be provided suitable incombustible screening
installed between the welding or flame-cutting operations and such
other persons.
(3) Whenever welding or flame-cutting operations are performed in
the vicinity of any combustible material there shall be provided,
within easy reach of the persons performing such work, at least one
approved fire extinguisher or fire pail filled with an appropriate
fire extinguishing agent.
(f) Explosion hazard. Before any welding or flame cutting is done on
any tank or container that contained any materials which may
generate a flammable vapor upon the application of heat, all piping
connected to such tank or container shall be disconnected or blanked
off. Any residual flammable material shall be removed and the tank
or container shall be completely purged with a suitable purging
agent.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.26 Lead fumes and dust from
structural steel.
(a) General. All hot riveting, welding, flame cleaning and flame
cutting of structural steel or other metal which has been coated
with any compound containing lead or with any other substance which
may create toxic fumes when heated shall be performed in the
following manner.
(b) Hot riveting or welding. Where such hot riveting or welding is
to be performed in confined spaces, the contact surfaces, exterior
surfaces and the rivet holes of field joints to be hot riveted shall
be free from any compound containing lead or from any other
substance which may create toxic fumes when heated.
(c) Cleaning coated surfaces. (1) Removal of paint from rivet holes
shall be performed by means of reaming or other suitable method.
(2) All surfaces adjoining rivet holes and surfaces subject to heat
from welding shall be so cleaned as to prevent the creation of toxic
and noxious fumes during without or welding.
(3) Where cleaning is performed with a torch, the person performing
such cleaning shall be provided with an approved respirator. Where
cleaning is performed by mechanical means, such as in scraping or
grinding, the person performing such work shall be provided with an
approved respirator.
(d) Flame-cleaning or flame-cutting operations. Unless suitable
local exhaust ventilation is provided, all persons performing
flame-cleaning or flame-cutting operations on metals that have been
coated with any compound containing lead or any other substance
which may create toxic fumes when heated, and all persons located
within a radius of 15 feet of such operations, shall be provided
with approved respirators.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.27 Mechanical, hydraulic and
pneumatic jacks.
(a) Capacity marking. The rated capacity of every jack in pounds or
tons shall be legibly marked in a conspicuous location on the jack
by casting, stamping, etching or other suitable permanent means.
Such marking shall not affect the structural integrity of any jack.
(b) Overtravel. Every jack shall be provided with a positive stop to
prevent overtravel.
(c) Lubrication. Every jack shall be maintained properly lubricated.
(d) Loads. When an object or structure has been raised to a desired
height by means of a jack, such object or structure shall be
immediately blocked or cribbed.
(e) Use. The use of any jack shall be at all times under the direct
supervision of a designated person.
Historical Note
Sec. added, filed May 30, 1972 eff. June 1, 1972.
§ 23-1.28 Hand-propelled vehicles.
(a) Maintenance. Hand-propelled vehicles shall be maintained in good
repair. Hand-propelled vehicles having damaged handles or any loose
parts shall not be used.
(b) Wheels and handles. Wheels of hand-propelled vehicles shall be
maintained free-running and well secured to the frames of the
vehicles. Buggy handles shall not extend beyond the wheels on either
side.
(c) Buggy counterbalance. Loose weights shall not be hung on buggy
handles as counterbalances. When counterbalance weights are used,
they shall be fastened securely to the buggy handles.
(d) Curbing. Curbing at least six inches in height shall be provided
along edges over which material or debris is dumped from a
hand-propelled vehicle to a lower level.
(e) Storage. When not in use, hand-propelled vehicles shall be
stored in locations away from passageways and wo